Combating Air Pollution in Lahore: A Critical Analysis of the Measures by the Punjab Government

Abstract

This research paper critically examines the causes, consequences, and mitigation strategies associated with smog pollution in Lahore, with a particular focus on evaluating the Punjab Government’s evolving response—including its flagship 10-Year Sectoral Smog Mitigation Plan and the World Bank-supported Punjab Clean Air Program. Drawing on extensive secondary data from peer-reviewed studies, government documents, policy briefs, and real-time monitoring data, the study explores key interventions such as the deployment of electric buses, industrial regulation, green mass transit, zigzag brick kiln technology, and public awareness campaigns. A focused analysis is provided on programs like Smog Squad operations, the #DetoxLahore campaign, smart surveillance systems, drone and thermal monitoring, and youth-engaging internship programs. Findings indicate that while policy intent and institutional engagement have significantly improved, substantial gaps remain in enforcement, inter-agency coordination, and behavioral adaptation at the citizen level. The study identifies systemic issues in transitioning from policy to practice, including inconsistent funding flows, limited technical capacity in local agencies, and low public participation. Based on these insights, a multi-Sectorial set of policy recommendations is proposed, prioritizing real-time AQI-based decision-making, pollutant-specific emission inventories, decentralized implementation authority, seasonal action plans, and continuous community engagement.