Journal of Emerging Trends in Social Sciences and Humanities
The Journal of Emerging Trends in Social Sciences and Humanities (JoETSSH) is an open-access, double-blind, peer-reviewed international journal that includes empirical research, theoretical articles, case studies, systematic literature reviews, and meta-analyses. The journal is approved by the Higher Education Commission (HEC) of Pakistan for the year 2026-2027 from April 2026 to December 2027. The journal team is striving hard to get it indexed with the Directory of Open Access Journals and other relevant prestigious indexing agencies. By keeping in view the mission of the Publisher, the Institute for Educating Environmental Resilience and Governance, the JoETSSH focuses on research topics, i.e., Education and Lifelong Learning, Sociology and Social Policy, Psychological Sciences, Political Science and Governance, Human Rights and Social Justice, Cultural and Communication Studies, Gender and Identity, Economics, Business and Management Sciences, etc. For details, visit Aim & Scope Desk Review Time: 2 weeks (Average) Peer-review Process: 7 weeks (Average) Acceptance Rate: 46% Note: The Journal did not charge any submission, processing, or publication fees to the authors. For detailed guidance, visit Author Guidelines
INSTITUTE FOR EDUCATING ENVIRONMENT RESILIENCE AND GOVERNANCE (SMC-PRIVATE) LIMITED]
Development and Validation of the Emoji Questionnaire for Organizational Settings (EQ-OS): A 22-Item, Four-Factor Measure of Emoji Use in Professional Communication
Digital communication has been a part of the workplace for a long time. Despite the fact that emojis are almost everywhere, there is no instrument which will help to understand the multilayered character of emoji this research project details the development of the Emoji Questionnaire for Organizational Settings, that assesses the level to which individuals in different work environments are influenced by different forms of emoji-based interactions. Initially, apool of 54 items from which 22 items were selected and given to a random sample of 412 working adults (average age 31.7, SD = 6.4; 58.3% female) who held various job ranks. The result of the EFA revealed a four-factor model, which explained up to 72.00% of the variation. CFA with 368 adults reveaded good modek fit (χ²/df = 2.14, CFI =.96, TLI =.95, RMSEA =.054, SRMR =.051). Cronbach's reliability coefficients and McDonald's omega both were in excess of.85 at all the level of the questionnaire. EQ-OS, the tool created from the research and its validation, is one with excellent reliability and validity as its basis, and it will enable the researcher and practitioner alike to probe deeper and understand more effectively through emoji-based communications.
Copyright (c) 2026 Journal of Emerging Trends in Social Sciences and Humanities https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Social Media Usage and Social Isolation Among Pakistani Youth: A Survey-Based Analysis
Nowadays, social media plays a key role in how individuals live day to day - shaping how young people connect, build bonds, even pass their time. Despite bringing people together despite the distances, many researches prove that overusing mediated interaction might be connected with experiencing loneliness. In this paper, the connection between the use of social media and social isolation among youth at the University of Sargodha will be analyzed. A quantitative methodology with the use of survey was utilized, and the Uses and Gratifications Framework, media dependency theory, as well as Social Information Processing Theory (SIPT) were employed to interpret the processes of perceiving relational cues among young users. Data from 200 participants aged 15-30 were collected with the help of Likert scale survey distributed by snowball sampling. The findings revealed a moderate, but positive correlation between social media usage and social isolation showing the presence of a statistically significant connection.
Ascribed Identity Versus Achieved Identity: Case Study of Regime Change in Bangladesh
Bangladesh have maintained their identity on the grounds of nationalistic fervor. However, a clash in the realm of Bangladeshi identity regarding rewards -such as attaining a government job - caused the regime change in 2024. The clash can be encapsulated by the achieved identity and ascribed identity. Reinstatement of 30% quota for Freedom Fighters of 1971 in the civil service is a reflection of ascribed identity whereas the youth rebelling against this reinstatement, contesting that civil service recruitment should be on the basis of meritocracy rather lineage, illustrates achieved identity. These events resulted in the resignation of former PM Sheikh Hasina (after use of a pejorative term in her comments). Hence, this paper aims to inquire how identity formation brought upon a downfall of a long standing regime within the socio-political plane of Bangladesh. It assesses the impact of government’s use of identity labelling through Social Identity Theory and Status Theory. Using Jank’s Critical Discourse Analysis, it will analyze identity-mapping from a discursive angle. This research is significant to understand Gen-Z movements and their critical insights on identity while utilizing the regime change in Bangladesh as case study.
U.S.-Pakistan Relations During the War on Terror: Strategic Partnership or Tactical Alliance
This article examines U.S.–Pakistan relations from September 2001 through the major post-2014 realignments of U.S. policy in South Asia, asking whether the bilateral relationship amounted to a durable strategic partnership or a more limited, episodic tactical alliance. Drawing on government documents, Congressional Research Service analyses, scholarship by regional experts, and contemporaneous reporting, the paper traces the evolution of cooperation across five interlocking dimensions: security cooperation and military aid; intelligence collaboration and covert operations (including drone strikes); political-diplomatic interaction and crises (notably the 2011 Abbottabad raid); economic and civilian assistance (including the Enhanced Partnership with Pakistan Act of 2009); and domestic political constraints inside Pakistan that shaped Islamabad’s behavior. The evidence presented suggests that while the relationship featured elements of a strategic partnership—shared short-term goals, sustained aid flows, and institutional links—it was characterized more accurately as a tactical alliance, relationship dynamics were episodic, transactional, deeply asymmetric, and repeatedly undermined by mutual mistrust and diverging long-term objectives. The paper concludes with implications for future U.S. policy and recommendations for managing asymmetric partnerships where short-term operational interests collide with deeper strategic divergence.
Copyright (c) 2025 Journal of Emerging Trends in Social Sciences and Humanities https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Towards A National Dengue Control Policy: A Critical Analysis Of Pakistan’s Existing Approaches
Dengue fever remains a persistent public health challenge in Pakistan, with recurring outbreaks exacerbated by urbanization, climate change, poor sanitation, and fragmented governance. Despite provincial efforts and international support, the national response remains largely reactive— triggered after case surges—rather than proactive or preventive. This study critically examines Pakistan’s existing dengue control strategies using a qualitative and thematic analysis of academic research, government reports, and institutional frameworks. It identifies key gaps in surveillance, intersectoral coordination, diagnostic capacity, and community engagement. The findings highlight Pakistan’s continued vulnerability, especially during post-monsoon seasons, and reveal that short-term interventions have failed to prevent annual epidemics. Drawing on local and global best practices, the study outlines contours for a comprehensive National Dengue Control Policy. These include establishing a legally mandated National Dengue Control Authority, year-round Integrated Vector Management (IVM), targeted vaccination, real-time surveillance, and strengthened public awareness campaigns. The study also emphasizes the need for sustainable financing, legislative backing, and institutionalized monitoring to ensure long-term impact. A coordinated, evidence-based national policy can help Pakistan shift from emergency response to sustained public health protection against dengue.
Analysis of Identity Politics and Ethnic Conflicts in Pakistan Under the Theoretical Frameworks of ‘Thymus’ and ‘Relative Deprivation’: A Case of Ethnic Uprising of ‘Hazarawal’ In Khyber Pakhtunkiwa
As in federation constitutional units possess maximum autonomy. Often federation is associated with plural societies. Being plural society, Pakistan suited absolute federation and constitutionally, Pakistan is a federal state. Eighteenth constitutional amendment ensured federation in Pakistan through which actual provincial autonomy was endowed. One of the major changes in eighteenth constitutional amendment taken was the renaming of NWFP as Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, which signifies the dilemma of identity politics. The remarking provincial identity stimulated another debate of relative deprivation of Hazarawal ethnic identity, this paper is focused on: the identity crisis and politics of ethnicity have been reawakened after the 18th constitutional amendment. This paper poses that Hazara ethnic uprising is due a constitutional development which is a kind of social contract, by exclusion of a group from such a social contract would result in a big ethnic conflict, what was seen in 1971 in the country. According to the scenario, in this paper I am trying to explore that how relative deprivation of a group in society stimulates a struggle for recognition of their identity? If a disequilibrium created constitutionally not resolved, ultimately would results in failure of federation and disintegration.
Pakistan’s Climate Change Dilemma: Challenges and Opportunities for Sustainable Development
Pakistan is facing severe climate related risk making climate change a critical national concern. Pakistan is among the countries that are mostly exposed to climate hazards and have substantial impact on climate change. According to the United nations report Pakistan places on 8th position among nations which are most effective by extreme climatic events. In the light of all development, it may be possible to assess the susceptibilities of different regions of various and suggest applicable coping mechanisms and resilience techniques. The primary goal of the research is to assess the influence of climate change on agriculture. The research paper explains that what adaptation strategies formals employ in response to frustrations in temperature in rainfall. As one of South Asia's most climate exposed countries Pakistan climate change has intensified the occurrence of flood and drought while Pakistan continues to experience these changes. Indians are a major cause of climate change influencing agriculture livestock full history federation and its overall food water in energy security. Research emphasizes that the need for strong government intervention to ensure sustainable development by enforcing resource regulations and strengthening climate policy framework is very crucial.
Radicalization and deradicalization in Pakistan: A case of Madrassah’s from security, psychological and sociological perspective
This paper will discuss the way radicalization in Pakistan has been strengthened and sustained as a result of the self-reinforcing process of socio-economic deprivation, sectarian identity politics, socialisation through madrasa schools, and external geopolitical interventions. It combines the Frustration-Aggression hypothesis (the perceived injustice and blocked opportunities, which direct aggression to violence), the Staircase to Terrorism (the cognitive steps between the grievance and the militant action, which are explained by the Social Identity Theory). Based on the madrasa ecosystem in Pakistan as a case study, the paper contends that limited curricula, closed peer groups and grievance-oriented discourses have the potential to transform deprivation and political marginalisation into moralised violence particularly when mediated by sectarian entrepreneurs and localised conflicts. This analysis leads to the conclusion that lasting mitigation efforts need to be based on coordinated reforms in the security sector, education and social policy and not periodic crackdowns.
Combating Air Pollution in Lahore: A Critical Analysis of the Measures by the Punjab Government
This research paper critically examines the causes, consequences, and mitigation strategies associated with smog pollution in Lahore, with a particular focus on evaluating the Punjab Government’s evolving response—including its flagship 10-Year Sectoral Smog Mitigation Plan and the World Bank-supported Punjab Clean Air Program. Drawing on extensive secondary data from peer-reviewed studies, government documents, policy briefs, and real-time monitoring data, the study explores key interventions such as the deployment of electric buses, industrial regulation, green mass transit, zigzag brick kiln technology, and public awareness campaigns. A focused analysis is provided on programs like Smog Squad operations, the #DetoxLahore campaign, smart surveillance systems, drone and thermal monitoring, and youth-engaging internship programs. Findings indicate that while policy intent and institutional engagement have significantly improved, substantial gaps remain in enforcement, inter-agency coordination, and behavioral adaptation at the citizen level. The study identifies systemic issues in transitioning from policy to practice, including inconsistent funding flows, limited technical capacity in local agencies, and low public participation. Based on these insights, a multi-Sectorial set of policy recommendations is proposed, prioritizing real-time AQI-based decision-making, pollutant-specific emission inventories, decentralized implementation authority, seasonal action plans, and continuous community engagement.
Students' Engagement with NGOs or CBOs, and its impact on students Political Participation and Activism in Pakistan
The current study attempts to investigate the role of engagement of university students with Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) and Community-Based Organizations (CBOs) on the political participation and activism of university students in the Pakistani context. Employing quantitative research design, data were collected from a sample of 191 students drawn from both public and private universities using structured questionnaire. The results reveal a strong positive relationship between engagement with NGOs/CBOs and the extent of political participation and activism of students. Participants who participated in these organizations showed greater interest in politics and had higher frequency of participation in political activities. The results highlight the role of NGOs/CBOs in the political socialization and empowerment of students, and throws light on the necessity of reinforcing such initiatives in order to strengthen the democratic participation in Pakistan.
Power Dynamics and Equitable Resource Allocation in India and Pakistan Water Dispute: A Climate Change Perspective
This discussion looks at how the upstream location of India and unequal distribution of power impacts equitable distribution of water resources under the Indus Waters Treaty (IWT), and hence expounds on the implications of distributive justice. Climate change increases stress on the local hydrological resources; the melting of glaciers, unpredictable monsoon, and rising water demand contribute to the scarcity, which increases the tension between the co-riparian states. The paper illustrates that geopolitical tensions and environmental destruction undermine cross-border water management by using the Theory of Environmentalism in International Relations (TEIR), the concept of hydro-hegemony, and the environmental security paradigm. The current research aims at making a contribution towards the design of viable and fair water governance systems in climate prone areas to deal with imbalances in power and the realities of the environment. It promotes the rearrangement of equitable water sharing by adaptive governance, climate resilience, and collaborative mechanisms, which adds to the discussion on environmental security in South Asia and calls on the integration of ecological concerns into transboundary water diplomacy in order to reduce conflict and enhance stability in the region.
Barriers to Youth Political Participation in Pakistan: Examining the Role of NGOs and CBOs
This study investigates those obstacles that discourage youth to participate in politics in Pakistan and role of Non-Governmental and Community-Based Organizations (NGOs and CBOs) to overcome them. Data were collected from 191 university students, the results reveal that the primary limitations are the safety concerns, academic workload, and distrust to the political institutions. Though NGOs and CBOs offer avenues of civic learning, correlation and regression analyses indicate that there is no significant relationship or effect of engagement and perceived barriers. There were no significant differences in terms of demographics or gender implications that would suggest that political disengagement is a feature of youth, in general. Civic awareness is promoted by NGOs and CBOs but has no power to eliminate systemic and psychological obstacles, which indicates that institutional cooperation and increased civic education are needed.
Cryptocurrency and terrorism: ISIS’s use of privacy coins and global regulatory gaps
The paper explores the problem of terrorist financing, taking into consideration the new tendency of using privacy-focused cryptocurrencies and decentralized systems. In particular, the case of ISIS increased use of Monero and Tron, which provide greater anonymity. As the traditional money transfer systems, especially hawala and cash courier systems, are increasingly regulated and subject to being tracked, terror groups have turned to digital assets which allow them to remain anonymous, transfer funds across national borders without restrictions, and avoid regulation entirely. Reports shows that ISIS had used these mechanisms to receive over USD 2 million in 2023-2024 in untraceable crypto transfers. The study uses a qualitative case-study analysis method based on Rational Choice Theory (RCT) and Actor-Network Theory (ANT). The results highlight three immediate problems that face global attempts at counter-terrorism: the limited ability of blockchain analytics to track privacy coins, the utilization of country locations with low regulatory control, and the technology gap between terrorist developers and regulators. The paper ends with a set of policy recommendations that will enhance international cooperation, increase the regulation of cryptocurrencies, improve the blockchain forensics, and create a balance between the opportunity of financial innovation and the needs of global security.
Understanding the relationship between financial stress and academic achievement among the student of the university of the Punjab
The present study sought to fill an important empirical gap in South Asia, including Pakistan, by directly examining the association between financial stress and university students' academic performance. The research design was quantitative with emphasis on a correlational study. The participants were students of the University of the Punjab, Lahore. Out of the currently enrolled batches, 195 students were randomly selected (66 were males and 129 were females) using a simple random sampling method. Methods Data was collected using a semi-structured self-developed questionnaire. Descriptive statistics, independent samples t-tests, and Pearson correlation were used for data analysis in SPSS. Descriptive analysis identified key financial stressors among students; namely having to work more than what they desired, the emotional weight of asking family for financial help, and self-reported negative mental health. The primary result was a significant, moderate, and positive correlation (r=. 213∗∗, p < 0.01) between Academic Achievement and Financial Stress, which is the symptom of the opposite global trend. This finding is consistent with a strong association. In addition, no statistically significant differences between men and women were found for Financial Stress (p=. 929) or Academic Achievement (p=. 205) with a consequent rejection of the hypothesis on differences in the posting.
Populism and democratic decline: Modi and Trump in comparative perspective
The given article provides a comparative research of two iconic examples Donald Trump in the United States and Narendra Modi in India that discusses the matter of democratic regression in both instances as being caused due to the populist style of leadership adopted by these leaders. In equally recent development, with Trump likely to be reelected in 2024 (Trump 2.0) and backsliding in executive overreach and Modi in India winning a third term in 2024 in the backlash of more Hindu nationalist rhetoric and centralization of institutions, this paper assesses the erosion of democratic traditions by both leaders as well as the breaching of checks and balances, and fostering of illiberal political cultures. The policies of a second term proposed by Trump, namely, repetitive assaults on the media, anti-immigration laws, and amplified protectionism in trade, are contrasted to those of Modi, who is targeting criticism, undermining the Indian judicial system, and increasing the limits on the civil society. The article ends by considering that the similarity of their populist agenda points to a larger international development of illiberal democracy that is raising alarming issues to constitutionalism, plurality, and international instruments of democratic conduct.
INSTITUTIONAL CONFRONTATION AND POLITICAL INSTABILITY
Democracy is a coherent way of government. In democracy executive, judiciary, civil and military establishments represent a state. For the progress and prosperity of the state, stability of all kinds is very important. Since its creation, Pakistan is facing internal political instability like Constitutional deadlock, government’s instability and institutional confrontation. Confrontation between main organs of the state as judiciary, president, military establishment and mutual confrontation and mistrust of the politicians had badly affected the democratic system of Pakistan. Better working relationship is very important for the progress of the state. With the revival of democracy in Pakistan, the people of Pakistan were expecting political stability in state but their dreams could not become true and sank in the sea of institutional confrontation. Present research explains that how they affected the political system of Pakistan.
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Female Radicalization in Pakistan: Digging Causes Exploring Solutions
Within the intricate landscape of Pakistan, where identity-based fault lines prevail, cultural and social dynamics intensify emotionalism surrounding religious symbols and debates. This study meticulously explores the intricate dimensions of female radicalization, dissecting its roots in identity, emotionalism, and socialization. Addressing the perplexing trend of a substantial female population gravitating towards radical ideologies, the investigation aims to unravel strategies for averting this situation and fostering societal harmony in Pakistan. Drawing on observations, surveys, and interviews with female students, the research underscores the imperative to enhance societal socialization processes. Furthermore, the study advocates for proactive measures by the Pakistani government, highlighting the empowerment of women through increased economic opportunities and heightened political participation as crucial avenues for instilling peace and harmony within the nation.
Gwadar Port: Historical, Geographical and Strategic Perspectives
The relationship between Iran and Pakistan has always been vital for both countries as well as for the regional stability. During last seven decades, the two sides have majorly enjoyed cordial ties at cultural, diplomatic, and economic fronts. However, the establishment and development of Gwadar Port in Pakistan and Chabahar Port in Iran has raised some serious questions for both sides. On one hand, China is investing heavily in construction of Gwadar Port, while India is the major investor in Iranian Port. Utilizing the theoretical perspective of geostrategic, this research has also looked into different economic, security, military, trade and regional integration aspects of these two ports. Furthermore, the thesis has focused on the implications of these ports on the bilateral ties of both the states. The matter of congeniality has also been discussed in this research whether these ports are competitors or potential tool for cooperation between Pakistan and Iran. The research work has analyzed the policies of both countries as well as India and china to understand their major motives behind the development of these projects. Furthermore, the issue of regional integration through these facilities has also been discussed in detail.
Climate change is one of the biggest challenges of the twenty first century. It is becoming an issue of High Politics in many countries. Pakistan is one of the top ten countries which is most vulnerable to climate change related risks. The purpose of this research is to investigate the threats to the security of Pakistan caused by Climate Change. This research finds out that climate change is a serious threat to the security of Pakistan by exacerbating the issues like water scarcity, food security, health problems, internal migrations and conflict over natural resources. The research finds out that Climate change and security has a closer relation and that Pakistan is facing both internal and external security threats induced by climate change. Furthermore, conflict could occur between Pakistan and its neighbor countries particularly India and Afghanistan, on resources which are declining due to global warming and climate variation. This is qualitative research, and the data has been collected mostly, from secondary sources. It has answered the question like how climate change can be a threat to Pakistan security and that how it can destabilize the country internally and externally.
Christian minority of Lahore: Socio-political challenges and options (2001-2014)
The Christian Minority living in Lahore is marginalized, facing socio-economic and political issues in day today life and is excluded from main stream. They have been deprived of the fundamental rights in public and private sectors and are often humiliated by the strange behavior of society, although the Muslims and the Christians have been living side by side in sub-continent for the last many hundred years in complete peaceful and hormonal environment. Some of the proportion of the Christians is of the view that they have been victimized by extremist element among the Muslims. The main objective of the research is to investigate the real nature of the socio-political and economic issues facing by the Christian community of Lahore. It is very imperative to look deep into the genuine reasons behind the problems of the Christians in daily life. Whether it is the state, society or they themselves are responsible for their miserable plight and gloomy conditions. This research will also analyze the role of the Christian leadership towards the uplift and prosperity of its community. In this research mixed method approaches i.e. qualitative and quantitative have been applied. Both primary and secondary sources have been applied in collecting data about the socio-economic and political problems of the Christians and their possible solution. Interviews of prominent personalities have been conducted and the opinion of the common people among Christians was assessed through a comprehensive questionnaire. The Christian leadership and the majority of common people are somewhat satisfied with the sincere efforts made by the Government for their betterment but on the other hand they have some genuine apprehensions that 5% quota in public sector is insufficient keeping in view the present circumstances. They are also of the view that the data about their census is not based on facts because their population is always shown less than their original numbers. Moreover overwhelming majority demands to reinstate the separate electorate system instead of joint electorate system. They find themselves marginalized in decision making process in political scenario of Pakistan.
Pakistan on the World Stage: A Comprehensive Appraisal of its Engagement in the United Nations (2014-2023)
The study is proposed to explore how has Pakistan’s engagement with the UN evolved during the specified period? And what are the challenges faced by Pakistan in its engagement with the UN and how to overcome those challenges? Qualitative method of research has been used in this study. Both descriptive and analytical methods of inquiry have been employed. Data has been collected through books, academic articles, reports, government websites, UN websites, newspaper reports and articles. Analysis of this data has been made to gather details and formulate recommendations. Pakistan has a dynamic pattern of engagement with the UN since its inception. This involves a two dimensional collaboration with the UN i.e. on the internal and external dimension. Internally, different UN agencies are working for humanitarian assistance and development initiatives in the country. Externally, Pakistan is cooperating with the UN through its participation in the UN peacekeeping operations in various regions throughout the globe.
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Iran-Saudi Arabia Rift: A Critical Analysis of Pakistan’s Foreign Policy Rationale
It has historical, religious and cultural affinities with Iran and Saudi Arabia. This very fact binds Pakistan to strike a balance between the two states at foreign policy fronts on one hand. Saudi Arabia being an orthodox Sunni state and Iran as a fundamentalist Shia state has been at proxies with each other not only in the Middle East but beyond the region as well. Despite the Iran and Saudi Arabia’s rapprochement, it is arguable that whether this will help Pakistan as well to pacify the intense social and religious strife in her society. For that Pakistan needs to, first of all, strike a balance between Iran and Saudi Arabia. Pakistan is immediate neighbor of Middle East. It definitely needs to assume an active role in sustaining peace and stability in the region but this goal should be accomplished without being party in Arab-Persian clash and Intra-Arab affairs. This recent advancement has opened new avenues for Pakistan’s foreign policy makers as well.
Foreign Policy Making Process and Procedure in Pakistan
Foreign policy making is a complex process. A state formulates a coherent foreign policy in context of external relations. Several principles, objectives and interests are followed in relations with other states. The objective of the study is to explore the foreign policy making process in Pakistan. The objectives of Pakistan's foreign policy are security, integrity and national survival. Pakistan has a parliamentary form of government. The pillars involve in foreign policy making process are the president, prime minister and his cabinet, parliament and its different committees, ministry of foreign affairs, chief of the army staff, national security council and several secret agencies. This study analysis that foreign policy in Pakistan is formulated differently in different circumstances. In routine matter, foreign ministry with the help of secret agencies prepares policies and gets passed by the prime minister and his cabinet, parliament and its committees and president and then implements it. In special circumstances, chief of the army staff and the national Security Council dominate the foreign policy making process. In this study, qualitative method with inductive reasoning is used. Primary and Secondary sources are also used.
Dynamics of Soft Power in Image (Narrative) building of States: Comparative analysis of Pakistan - India through Media & Cricket Diplomacy
This seems quite evident in Indian movies which strongly project their side of the story by highlighting cross-border terrorism. Similarly, in South Asia, cricket has a massive fan base, so it provides an excellent example of soft power diplomacy. What strategies led India to this success? How can Pakistan learn from these strategies to enhance its soft power? More importantly, how do this narrative and image-building projection of India impact Pakistan's narrative and image-building internationally? Pakistan, since independence, has been through tough times. The arch rivalry between India-Pakistan and disputed borders with Afghanistan posed a security risk for Pakistan. Therefore, Pakistan always focused on hard power choices for deterrence and to make their presence felt internationally. However, the changing dynamics of international order have preferred soft power tools, without exhausting hard power, to employ a state’s influence for international peace, stability, and order. However, Pakistan, unlike its contemporaries, lags in employing soft power tactics.
Non-Traditional Security Challenges to Pakistan’s Foreign Policy
Non-Traditional Security challenges can be defined as, “those uncommon challenges which pose direct or indirect threat to existence of the state and welfare of the people.” The first most important threat to Pakistan’s Foreign Policy is Cyber Security. The challenge of cyber security is most important due to Nuclear Weapons capability of Pakistan. Multilateral cooperation among states is necessary. Above-described problems are not only confronted by Pakistan but the whole world community is facing these challenges. Pakistan should join hands with the world community to fix these challenges. Secondly Pakistan cannot fix any issue internal or external without making its house in order. If we want to fix challenges, then we will have to make our house in order. In this regard economic prosperity and political instability is the key to resolve all the issues. This will lead not only towards better and comprehensive understanding of the issue but also continuation of the policies to fix these challenges.
Kinship and Social Organization: Exploring Family Structures and Power Dynamics
Human interactions are a complex and multifaceted phenomenon, characterized by a vast spectrum of behaviors that range from cooperation and empathy to aggression and conflict. This diverse landscape of human behavior is shaped by a multitude of factors, including individual differences, cultural influences, and situational circumstances. To fully understand the intricacies of human interactions, it is essential to delve into this behavioral spectrum and unravel the underlying mechanisms that drive our actions. This scholarly work embarks on a journey into the depths of human interactions, exploring the diverse range of behaviors that manifest in our social encounters. We examine the biological, psychological, and social factors that contribute to our behavioral patterns, seeking to uncover the intricate interplay between these forces. By shedding light on the underlying motivations and drivers of human behavior, we aim to foster a deeper understanding of the complexities that shape our interactions with others. Our exploration begins with an examination of the evolutionary roots of human behavior, tracing the origins of cooperation, competition, and other fundamental social instincts. We then delve into the psychological underpinnings of behavior, exploring the role of emotions, cognition, and personality in shaping our interactions. Additionally, we consider the influence of social and cultural factors, examining how norms, values, and power dynamics shape our behavior in different contexts.
Beyond Borders: Globalized Perspectives on Humanities Research
The comprehensive and insightful exploration of the intricate tapestry of human demographics and their profound impact on individual and societal behaviors. This thought-provoking work delves into the multifaceted dimensions of human populations, encompassing their composition, distribution, growth, and movement. It sheds light on the complex interplay between demographic trends and various facets of human life, including social structures, economic systems, cultural expressions, and political dynamics. The book embarks on a captivating journey through the diverse landscapes of human behavior, meticulously examining how demographic forces shape individual choices, societal norms, and global transformations. It unveils the intricate connections between demographic factors and a wide range of phenomena, from patterns of fertility and mortality to the evolution of urban centers and the dynamics of international migration. "Demographic Landscape" masterfully weaves together a rich tapestry of empirical data, theoretical insights, and historical perspectives, providing a profound understanding of the profound influence of demographics on the human experience. It engages readers in a stimulating intellectual discourse, challenging conventional assumptions and provoking fresh perspectives on the ever-evolving demographic landscape. This research article delves into the multifaceted social impacts of the sharing economy, aiming to provide a comprehensive analysis of its effects on individuals, communities, and society at large. Through an interdisciplinary approach, we explore key areas such as trust, employment, social inclusion, and environmental sustainability. Our findings shed light on both positive and negative repercussions, offering valuable insights for policymakers, businesses, and scholars.
Posthumanism and the Future of Identity: Redefining Boundaries in the 21st Century
This article delves into the pressing issue of educational inequality, focusing on the challenges marginalized communities face in accessing and seizing opportunities within the educational system. Through an in-depth examination of the root causes and consequences of educational disparities, we explore strategies to promote equitable access to quality education for all. By addressing these issues, we aim to contribute to a more just and inclusive educational landscape. The intricate tapestry of human society is woven from a multitude of interconnected threads, each representing a facet of our shared experiences and understanding of the world around us. Social studies, as a discipline dedicated to unraveling the complexities of human behavior and societal structures, serves as a guiding compass, illuminating the path towards a comprehensive appreciation of the panorama of human existence. This scholarly endeavor delves into the heart of social studies, exploring its multifaceted nature and its unwavering commitment to fostering critical thinking, informed decision-making, and responsible global citizenship. Through a comprehensive examination of diverse social science disciplines, including history, anthropology, sociology, economics, political science, and geography, the work unveils the intricate interplay between human actions, societal norms, and the broader historical and cultural contexts that shape our world. At the core of this exploration lies the fundamental concept of interconnectedness – the notion that human phenomena are not isolated entities but rather interconnected elements within a dynamic and evolving social system. This interconnectedness manifests itself in a myriad of ways, from the intricate relationships between individuals and their communities to the far-reaching consequences of global events. Understanding these connections is essential for navigating the complexities of the modern world and fostering a sense of shared responsibility for the common good. By meticulously examining the social studies panorama, this work sheds light on the discipline's ability to empower individuals to become informed and engaged participants in shaping a more just and equitable society. Through the lens of critical inquiry, students are equipped with the tools to analyze social issues, evaluate diverse perspectives, and advocate for positive change.
Memory and Trauma: Exploring Historical Representations and Personal Narratives
This paper explores the multifaceted dynamics of globalization from a political economy perspective, delving into the intricate interplay between political structures, economic systems, and global interconnectedness. Analyzing the evolving landscape of international relations, the study investigates how globalization shapes and is shaped by political and economic forces. By examining the intricate relationships between nation-states, transnational corporations, and global institutions, the paper seeks to unravel the complexities inherent in the contemporary globalized environment. Moreover, it assesses the implications of these interactions on issues such as economic development, social inequality, and political stability. Through a comprehensive review of relevant literature and empirical evidence, the paper provides insights into the challenges and opportunities presented by the intertwined worlds of politics and economics in the era of globalization.
Beyond the Canon: Intersectional and Decolonial Approaches in Literature
This paper explores the intricate interplay between social networks and collective action, aiming to enhance our comprehension of mobilization and influence within contemporary societies. By delving into the dynamics of social networks, the study investigates how these interconnected structures facilitate or impede collective actions, encompassing social movements, activism, and other forms of coordinated behavior. Drawing on interdisciplinary perspectives from sociology, communication studies, and network science, the research scrutinizes the mechanisms through which information, norms, and resources flow within networks, shaping the dynamics of collective mobilization. Furthermore, the paper examines the role of influential actors and key network structures in amplifying or constraining the impact of collective actions. The findings contribute to a nuanced understanding of the complex relationships between social networks and collective action, offering insights that are pertinent to scholars, policymakers, and practitioners in fields related to social change and civic engagement.