Flourishing in higher education: Investigating PERMA well-being dimensions and academic self-efficacy across diverse disciplines among public sector university students

Abstract

This study aimed to examine the levels of PERMA well-being, assess the dimensions of academic self-efficacy, and profile the academic performance (measured by CGPA) of university students in Punjab, Pakistan. A quantitative descriptive survey design was employed. Using a multi-stage stratified random sampling technique, data were collected from 298 undergraduate and graduate students across six academic departments at the University of Sargodha, Punjab, Pakistan. Data were gathered using a 40-item validated instrument, exhibiting high internal consistency. Quantitative analysis was done by applying descriptive statistics such as frequencies, percentages, mean, and standard deviation. In general, the participants had high levels in all five PERMA categories. The highest scores were observed in Accomplishment and Meaning. In Relationships, faculty support and respect emerged as a major strength. Conversely, relatively low ratings were recorded for everyday on-campus happiness and deep immersion/absorption in class and lab activities. In terms of academic self-efficacy, students exhibited strong capability in Resourcefulness and Help-Seeking. However, confidence in independently understanding complex textbook concepts and participating orally in class discussions remained moderate. Academically, 86.6% of the cohort demonstrated favorable achievement with CGPAs above 3.00. Students demonstrated high levels of psychological purpose, accomplishment, and self-directed academic task management, which corresponded to strong academic performance profiles. However, the lower levels of classroom absorption, independent mastery of complex materials, and oral participation highlighted the necessity for higher education institutions to transition toward interactive pedagogical models, structured peer-tutoring networks, and institutionalized PERMA-based mental well-being support services.